Question 1
Mark has been away on holiday, and his friends Shruti and Shokoofeh took turns looking after his dog, named Jezebel. Jezebel is a female with yellow fur, and shortly after Mark returns from his holiday, it becomes obvious his dog is pregnant. She gives birth to three puppies, all of which have yellow fur.
Mark is very upset, and blames Shruti, because Shruti owns a male dog with yellow fur (named Goldie). Shokoofeh owns a male dog (named Blackie), but because he has black fur, Mark doesn’t think he can be the father.
Assume that the gene for colour of fur is located on autosomal chromosomes and ‘black’ fur colour is dominant, and ‘yellow’ fur colour is recessive. Assume there are no new mutations. Assume the genetics of dog fur colour work the same way as human hair colour. (4 marks total)
a) What is Jezebel and Goldie’s phenotype and possible genotype(s)?
(1 mark)
b) What is Blackie’s phenotype and possible genotype(s)? (1 mark)
c) What are the puppies’ phenotypes and possible genotype(s)? (1 mark)
d) Based only on the fur colour of the two possible fathers, is it certain that Goldie is the father? Explain your answer. (1 mark)
Question 2
Describe one similarity and one difference between steroid and protein hormones. (2 marks)
Question 3
Distinguish between the function of simple columnar epithelium and simple squamous epithelium, providing a brief example of the function of each.
(1 mark)
Question 4
Distinguish between facilitated diffusion, and secondary active transport. For each, provide an example of a molecule or ion that uses this mechanism to cross the cell membrane. In your answer, explain what characteristics of the particle being transported determines which method is used, including its relative concentration on both sides of the membrane. (3 marks)
Question 5
a) Describe the functional differences between red and yellow bone marrow, and where they are generally located.
b) Which type of bone marrow is able to convert into the other, and under what circumstances? (3 marks)
Question 6
Distinguish between any TWO (2) different structural categories of joints. In your answer, provide a specific example of each, and relate the category of this joint to its function in the body. (3 marks)
Question 7
John (25 years old) and his mother Jane (60 years old) are in a car accident.
(4 marks total)
a) Both John and Jane break several ribs, and also suffer abdominal trauma, requiring surgery to their intestines.
Describe one likely difference in their recovery, for each of BONE and SMOOTH MUSCLE (in the intestinal wall), based on their age. (3 marks)
b) John also suffers damage to his spinal cord during the accident. Compare the likely recovery of his SPINAL CORD compared to the SMOOTH MUSCLE of his intestinal wall, and long term consequences. (1 mark)
