Discussion Response
Comment on the three discussion posts below (1 paragraph for each, support your response with a rationale, and cite the source)
DISCUSSION 1
The immune system of the body damages the pancreas, which prevents the body from producing insulin causing type 1 diabetes. The body is unable to produce insulin in type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body either becomes resistant to insulin or produces insufficient amounts of the hormone to reduce blood sugar levels. There are currently no identified health issues for Type 1 diabetes, except for family history. In contrast, obesity, family history, advancing age and usage of some drugs, sedentary lifestyle, and race are established risk factors for Type 2 diabetes. 8% of people have type 1 diabetes. whereas 90% of people have type 2 diabetes (Llano and McKay, 2020). Diabetes type 1 and type 2 are both metabolic conditions that raise blood sugar levels and impair insulin production. Both types of diabetes often have similar symptoms, although they might present later in life and have a few distinctive features that can differentiate them.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have quite distinct causes and treatments. The two do have certain similarities, nevertheless. For instance, even though diet and exercise are crucial components of managing type 2 diabetes, some with type 1 diabetes also need to maintain a healthy diet and get enough exercise since losing weight and getting more active can assist boost insulin sensitivity, which in turn assists in blood sugar (Haddix et al., 2018). Both types of illness have long-term problems brought on by elevated blood sugar levels, such as neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy (damage to the nerves and/or the eyes) (kidney damage) (Ibrahim and Mohamedahmed, 2022). Heart attacks are caused by cardiovascular issues, and lower extremity amputations are caused by inadequate blood flow to the limbs, nerve injury, and poor wound healing.
DISCUSSION 2
When addressing the similarities and differences between insulin-dependent (type 1) and non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus, it is important to consider both the similarities and the differences. (Brunton S.et al 2017). Some key similarities between these two types of diabetes mellitus include that both are characterized by high levels of blood sugar and both typically require lifelong treatment and management. (Scherbaum W.A. et,.al 2021). However, there are also several key differences between these two types of diabetes, such as the age of onset, the cause of the diabetes, and the treatment options. ( Palumbo,C., et al 2018). When addressing the similarities and differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is also important to consider the impact that each type of diabetes has on the individual. (C & Twickler,et al,.2020). For example, both types of diabetes mellitus can cause serious health complications if left untreated, but type 1 diabetes mellitus typically results in more severe health complications than type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease, while type 2 diabetes mellitus is not. This means that type 1 diabetes mellitus can lead to the destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, while type 2 diabetes mellitus is often preventable through lifestyle changes. (Scherbaum W.A. et,.al 2021).
Some key similarities between insulin-dependent (type 1) and non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus include that both types of diabetes mellitus are characterized by high levels of blood sugar and both typically require lifelong treatment and management. (Brunton S., et al2017).Other similarities include that both can cause serious health complications if left untreated, both can be controlled through lifestyle changes and/or medication, both require regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, both can cause fatigue and increased thirst, and both can cause weight loss. (Scherbaum W.A. et,.al 2021). There are also several key differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. One key difference is that type 1 diabetes mellitus is typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, while type 2 diabetes mellitus is typically diagnosed in adulthood. Another key difference is that type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease, while type 2 diabetes mellitus is not. This means that in type 1 diabetes mellitus, the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, while in type 2 diabetes mellitus, the body does not produce enough insulin or is unable to properly use the insulin that it does produce. (C & Twickler,et al,.2020) .Other key differences include that type 1 diabetes mellitus typically requires insulin therapy, while type 2 diabetes mellitus can often be managed through lifestyle changes and oral medications. Additionally, type 1 diabetes mellitus typically results in more severe health complications than type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, type 2 diabetes mellitus is often preventable through lifestyle changes, while type 1 diabetes mellitus is not. (Scherbaum W.A. et,.al 2021).
DISCUSSION 3
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common type of hypothyroidism and is caused by an autoimmune response that leads to the destruction of the thyroid gland. Hashimoto’s disease involves the formation of antithyroid antibodies that attack the thyroid tissue. Some common manifestations of Hashimoto’s disease are bradycardia, decreased respirations, hypothermia, weight gain, elevated cholesterol due to decreased liver metabolism, increased sleeping, constipation, weakness, cold intolerance, and decrease in libido (Hoffman & Sullivan, 2020). The most common laboratory findings for this disease process are indicated by elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and low thyroxine (T4) levels, and increased antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies (Mincer, 2022).
Replacement of thyroid hormone is the primary treatment where levothyroxine is the primary medication prescribed. This is a lifelong medication that is primarily given in the morning on an empty stomach as it also affects metabolism. Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease need to be cautious in any increases in levothyroxine doses due to the possibility it will increase cardiac rate and contractility that may lead to angina or congestive heart failure. It is also important to monitor patients with hypothyroidism if they take sedatives, hypnotics, or narcotics as they metabolize these medications slower and are at an increased risk for respiratory compromise (McCance & Huether, 2019).
Hashimoto thyroiditis has also been reported to be associated with gastric disorders in 10% to 40% of patients. Approximately 40% of patients with autoimmune gastritis also have with Hashimoto thyroiditis. These patients end up with chronic autoimmune gastritis which is the partial or complete disappearance of parietal cells which leads to the impairment of hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor production. The patients go on to develop hypochlorhydria-dependent iron-deficient anemia, which can then lead to pernicious anemia, and severe gastric atrophy (Mincer, 2022).
