The Heart
A = the outer serous membrane ____________ pericardium.
B = the pericardial cavity
C = the ___________ also known as the visceral pericardium.
What is type of fluid is found in the pericardial cavity?
What is the purpose of this fluid?
Note Taking: The Heart and Blood Vessels
13.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System (E book 13.1)
Objective: c13ob01 – State the major functions of the heart in maintaining homeostasis. (1)
Major function of the heart is to serve as a muscular__________ that moves the blood into the blood vessels.
The blood vessels deliver blood to the tissues. What do they unload to the tissues?
Objective: c13ob07 – Regarding circulation: (E book 13.1a) (Lab Act. #10)
Define pulmonary and systemic circulation. (1)
List the structures of the heart & great vessels that are included in the pulmonary or the systemic circulation. (1)
Recognize or trace the pathway of blood flow through the heart and the major vessels of circulation. (2)
Define Pulmonary Circuit (Circulation):
Define Systemic Circuit (Circulation):
Which side of the heart is involved in the pulmonary circuit?
Which side of the heart is involved in the systemic circuit?
Pulmonary circulation takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to get oxygenated.
right side of the heart (atrium) receives oxygen-poor blood from the body
right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary trunk
in the lungs – special blood vessels unload the carbon dioxide from the body and pick up a fresh load of oxygen from special structures in the lungs called alveoli.
The oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart by way of pulmonary veins.
Left side of the heart (atrium) receives the oxygen- rich blood from the lungs.
Systemic circulation – takes oxygen-rich blood to the organs of the body.
Left side of heart (atrium) receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
Left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood into the aorta.
Aorta takes the oxygen-rich blood to the systemic capillaries of the body’s tissues around the organs.
Systemic capillaries unload oxygen to the organs and picks up (loads) carbon dioxide from the tissues of the organs.
Oxygen – poor blood then returns to heart by way of the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava.
Objective: c13ob06 – Define: oxygen-poor (deoxygenated blood) and oxygen-rich (oxygenated blood). (1)
Oxygen-rich blood is also called oxygenated blood. This blood is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide.
Oxygen-poor blood is also called deoxygenated blood. This blood is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.
Use the above information to fill out the chart below:
Place an “X” under oxygenated or deoxygenated blood that the blood vessel carries.
| Oxygenated (oxygen-rich) | Deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) | |
| Aorta | X | |
| Pulmonary trunk (arteries) | ||
| Vena cavae | ||
| Pulmonary veins | ||
| Coronary vein |
Which three great vessels carry oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood?
Which two great vessels carry oxygen-rich (oxygenated) blood?
The image on 13.2 (fig. 13.3) to label the great vessels of the heart.
Objective: c13ob04 – Locate the following structures on a photo of a human heart/diagram of a human heart the following great vessels of the heart: (1)(E book 13.2) (Lab Act. #4 & 5)
| · aorta | · pulmonary veins (right & left) |
| · pulmonary arteries (right & left)
· pulmonary trunk |
· vena cavae (inferior & superior) |
| Anterior View: Notice the color of these blood vessels that are marked A, B, C and D. They are blue because they carry oxygen-poor blood. Use the names: inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, left pulmonary artery, superior vena cava
Letter A = Letter B = Letter C = Letter D = |
|
| Anterior View: Notice the color of these blood vessels that are marked D and D. They are red because they carry oxygen-rich blood.
Use the names: aorta, pulmonary vein
Letter E = Letter F = |
Here is something that is NOT stated in the text:
Objective: c13ob06 – Define: artery, vein. (1)
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Veins carry blood towards the heart.
NOW go back to 13.1 b
Objective: c13ob02 – State the location of the heart and the define mediastinum. (1) (E book 13.1b) (E book 1.3) (Lab Act. #1)
The heart is located in the __________________ cavity in the mediastinum between the _____________ and deep to the _______________.
Define Mediastinum: (E book 1.3)
What 5 structures are located in the mediastinum? (E book 1.3)
| In this image of the thoracic cavity, the mediastinum is indicated by the red rectangle. Everything inside the red rectangle is part of the mediastinum.
1.The base of the heart contains the great vessels which are the _______________ trunk, pulmonary _____________ and the aorta. 2.The ________ (tip of the heart) rests on the diaphragm muscle. |
Objective: c13ob03 – Regarding the serous membranes of the heart: (E book 1.3) (E book 13.1c) (Lab Act. #1)
define parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium (epicardium). (1)
state their locations; identify on a diagram/human heart/photo of a human heart. (1)
define pericardial cavity, state its location and identify the location of pericardial fluid and the purpose of pericardial fluid. (1)
| A = the outer serous membrane ____________ pericardium. B = the pericardial cavity C = the ___________ also known as the visceral pericardium. What is type of fluid is found in the pericardial cavity? What is the purpose of this fluid? |
Objective: c13ob08 – Regarding the layers of the heart: (E book 13.2a)
define endocardium, myocardium and epicardium (visceral pericardium). (1)
state a function of each. (1)
state which layer forms the heart valves. (1)
state their locations; label a diagram/ human heart/photo of a human heart. (1)
state which chamber the myocardium is the thickest and why. (1)
| Layers of the heart. Label these structures of the heart wall using the terms endocardium, epicardium and myocardium.
C = D = E = Which layer forms the heart valves? Why is the left myocardium thicker than the right myocardium? |
13.2 Gross Anatomy of the Heart
The Heart Wall (E book 13.2a)
Define Epicardium:
Define Myocardium:
Define Endocardium:
Which layer would cause contraction of the heart?
Which layer is continuous (meaning it becomes) the inner lining (endothelium) of the blood vessels?
The Heart Chambers) (E book 13.2b)
| Label the chambers of the external view of the heart using: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.
A = B = C = D =
|
Match the descriptions below to the heart structures:
| ____1. | Upper chamber that receives oxygen poor blood from the two vena cavae. | A. interatrial septum
B. interventricular septum C. left atrium D. right atrium E. left ventricle F. right ventricle |
| ____2. | Upper chamber that receives oxygen rich blood from the four (4) pulmonary veins. | |
| ____3. | Wall that separates the two upper chambers. | |
| ____4. | Thick muscular wall that separates the two lower chambers. | |
| ____5. | Lower chamber that pumps oxygen rich blood to the aorta. | |
| ____6. | Lower chamber that pumps oxygen poor blood to the pulmonary trunk. |
| A =
B = C = D = E =
Which two chambers are the major pumps of the heart? |
The Heart Valves (E book 13.2c)
There are four (4) heart valves in the heart that ensure a one-way flow of ________. Each valve has two or three flaps of thin tissue called ___________.
| Label the structures of the heart using the terms: chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve
|
|
| A =
B =
C =
D =
E =
F =
|
|
The AV (atrioventricular Valves) control the opening between each __________ and the _____________ beneath it. Their purpose is to prevent a backflow of blood called regurgitation into the atria when the ___________ contract.
| Label the AV (atrioventricular) heart valve structures.
A = The AV valve made of endocardium. B = _______________ strong stringy cords found in the ventricles that anchor the cusp to the ventricular floor C = ______________ muscles that will contract when the ventricles contract, causing the chordae tendinae cords to tighten and thus prevent the AV from bulging back into the atria or flipping inside out like windblown umbrellas.
|
Regarding the Semilunar Valves:
Do the semilunar valves have chordae tendinae?
Do the semilunar valves have cusps? If so how many?
When blood is ejected from the ventricles, the blood ____________ the semilunar valves and presses their cusps against the arterial walls.
What happens to the semilunar valves when the ventricles relax?
Answer the following functions of all the structures we just learned.
What two structures of the heart receive blood?
What two structures of the heart pump blood?
The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood into what artery?
The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood into what artery?
The interventricular septum separates what two chambers?
The interatrial septum separates what two chambers?
What valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?
What valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
What AV valve has three (3) cusps?
What AV valve has two (2) cusps?
What anchors an AV cusp to the papillary muscles located in the ventricles?
Papillary muscles are found on the floor of each _________________.
Are the chordae tendinae located in the ventricles?
What is the function of the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles?
What valve lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?
What valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta?
IMPORTANT: Blood opens and closes both sets of heart valves.
Blood Flow through the Chamber (E book 13.2d)
Objective: c13ob05 – Define, state the functions and label a diagram of the internal view of a human heart the following structures: (1) (E book 13.2d) (Lab Act. #7)
| View a cut section of the heart and label the great vessels. Here’s a list: aorta, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, right pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery, right pulmonary veins, left pulmonary veins, thoracic aorta
|
|
| A =
B = C = D = E = F = G = H = |
|
Blood Flow Through the Chambers (E book 13.2) (Lab Act. #9, #10)
| Pulmonary Circuit: Arrange blood flow
_1_ Oxygen-poor blood brought by Vena Cavae. ___ Blood received in right atrium. ___ Blood flows through the right AV (tricuspid) valve to the right ventricle. ___ Ventricles contract: blood exits heart via the pulmonary valve. ___ Blood enters the pulmonary trunk and then into each pulmonary artery. ___ Oxygen-rich blood travels from lungs into _9_ Oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium.
|
|
| Systemic Circuit: Arrange blood flow
_1_ Oxygen-rich blood in left atrium ___ Blood flows through the left AV (bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle. ___ Oxygen-rich blood in left ventricle. ___ Ventricles contract: Oxygen-rich blood leaves _6_ Aorta takes blood to systemic capillaries in the tissues around the organs. Oxygen unloads and carbon dioxide loads into bloodstream. ___ Oxygen-poor blood enters right atrium. |
Blood flow (Pulmonary Circulation)
Rt. Atrium à__________valve à Rt. _____________ à___________ valve à pulmonary trunk à rt. & lft. _______________ arteries àlungs à ________________ veinsà lft. atrium
Blood flow (Systemic Circulation)
Lft. Atrium à __________ valve à left. ____________ à ________________ valve à aorta à body organs à inferior & superior __________________ à right atrium
Coronary Circulation (E book 13.2e)
Objective: c13ob07 – Regarding circulation: Define coronary circulation. (1) (E book 13.2e)
Define coronary circulation:
(Circle one) The coronary blood vessels are found in the heart’s epicardium/myocardium/endocardium.
The coronary sinus is an opening where the venous blood of the coronary blood circulation is emptied into the right atrium.
13.3 Physiology of the Heart
13.3a Cardiac Muscle
Objective: c13ob09 – Regarding cardiac muscle tissue: (E book 13.3a) (Lab Act. #8)
Define cardiomyocytes:
Define intercalated disc:
Define gap junction:
| Label the diagram with nucleus, intercalated disks and branched cardiomyocytes. Notice the striations in each cell.
What is the function of the gap junctions?
The heart muscle cardiomyocytes need to work together as an unit. This is important to pump efficiently to move the blood through blood vessels. |
|
| A =
B = C = |
13.3b The Cardiac Conduction System
Objective: c13ob10 – Regarding the electrical activity of the heart: (Lab Act. #12)(E book 13.3b)
state the locations of the SA node, AV node, AV bundle (Bundle of His) and Purkinje fibers. (1)
label a diagram of the heart, describe or trace the conduction pathway of impulses of the following: SA node, AV node, AV bundle (Bundle of His) and Purkinje fibers. (1)
state the functions of the : SA node, AV node, AV bundle (Bundle of His) and Purkinje fibers. (1)
| The heart has its own electrical system that alerts the heart’s muscle cells of when to contract. This electrical system has a pacemaker that will start the electrical signal to cause a heartbeat. | |
| Use the terms: Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle, Atrioventricular (AV) node, Purkinje Fibers and Sinoatrial (SA) node to label the diagram.
A = C = D = |
|
Match the locations:
| ___ 1. Travels down the interventricular septum | A. Atrioventricular bundle B. Atrioventricular node C. Purkinje fibers D. Sinoatrial node |
| ___ 2. In the rt. atrium just inferior to the superior vena cava. | |
| ___ 3. Throughout the ventricular myocardium | |
| ___ 4. In the interatrial septum near the tricuspid valve |
Match the functions:
| ___ 1. Excitation spreads down this branched structure in the interventricular septum. | A.Atrioventricular bundle B.Atrioventricular node C.Purkinje fibers D.Sinoatrial node |
| ___ 2. Allows electricity to reach all ventricular cells at the same time. |
|
| ___ 3. Fires and excitation spreads through atrial myocardium as well as to AV node. Atria contract. | |
| ___ 4. Slows down electricity, thus allowing atria to contract and fill the ventricles before ventricles contract. |
Objective: c13ob11 – Define electrocardiogram. (1) State its clinical importance and what is occurring during each of the P, QRS, and T components of the ECG. (1) (Lab Act. #12)(E book 13.3e)
Why is an electrocardiogram used?
What does the electrocardiogram measure?
| 3.What is the name of the deflection the arrow is pointing to?
4.This deflection is when depolarization is occurring throughout the ___________________. |
|
| 5.During the PR segment depolarization is moving through the _______ node. NOTE: this part of the conductive pathway slows down the electrical current (depolarization) to give time for the atria to contract before the ventricles. | |
| 6.What is the name of the deflection the arrow is pointing to?
7.This deflection is when depolarization is occurring throughout the ___________________ and repolarization is occurring throughout the _____________. |
|
| 8. What is the name of the deflection the arrow is pointing to?
9. This deflection is when repolarization is occurring throughout the ___________________. |
Objective: c13ob12 – Define: cardiac cycle, systole and diastole. (1) Understand the atria contract separately from and before the ventricles. (2) (Lab Act. #11)(E book 13.3f)
Define Cardiac cycle:
Define Diastole:
Define Systole:
Objective: c13ob13 – State the cause of the first and second heart sound. (1) Define heart murmur. (1)
The “Lubb” sound is the _______ heart sound (S1). This sound occurs when the _____________ “slam” shut (close).
The “dupp” sound is the ______ heart sound (S2). This sound occurs when the _____________ “slam” shut (close).
What is a heart murmur and what might it indicate?
Objective: c13ob12 – State the effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on the heart. (1) (E13.3d)
We learned about “autonomic” or “visceral” reflexes in the E book . The heart rate is regulated by an autonomic reflex. This is review of The ANS and cranial nerve lesson.
Sympathetic Nervous System:
Circle the best answer:
The sympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine/norepinephrine on the heart.
The sympathetic nervous system speeds up/slows down the heart rate and the increases/decreases the force of contraction.
The sympathetic nervous system is called the housekeeping/fight or flight
Parasympathetic Nervous system uses the cranial nerve called the Vagus Nerve.
Circle the best answer:
The parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine/norepinephrine on the heart.
The parasympathetic nervous system speeds up/slows down the heart rate and the increases/decreases force of contraction.
The parasympathetic nervous system is called the housekeeping/fight or flight
