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Alteration in cells and tissues
Cerebral Atrophy- Reduction in the size of the cells in the cerebrum, progressive reduction in the size of the neurons, Result of reduced stimulation or injury. Focal: localized to a particular area, Global: affecting the entire brain. Diagnosis includes early identification of loss of function, health, and history with information of onset, duration and severity, a neurologic examination, and imaging studies. Treatment includes prevention, interruption of injury process, and slowing course of disease (Braun & Anderson, 2017).
Cardiac hypertrophy- Increased muscle mass. Etiology: excessive cardiac workload, increased functional demand, or an inherited genetic trait. Primary: Inherited non-sex-linked genetic trait. Secondary: Due to an underlying condition increasing left ventricular workload or increase in left ventricular muscle mass results from an increase in myocardial cell size. Clinical manifestations are variable from mild to severe with shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope, and impaired cardiac function. Diagnosis includes genetic testing, hypertension, reduced exercise tolerance, ventricular arrhythmia, and a heart murmur. Treatment is surgery, pharmacological drugs that relax the muscles and decrease the pressure that the heart must pump against. Nonpharmacologic includes activity and restrictions (Braun & Anderson, 2017).
Acromegaly- Condition of cellular hyperplasia, Results from excessive hormonal stimulation in pituitary growth hormone, or liver insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Leads to excessive growth of bones cartilage, soft tissues, and organs. Occurs after epiphyseal plate closure. Clinical manifestations include soft tissue swelling, altered facial features, pain and numbness in hands, voice deepening, snoring, skin changes and altered reproduction function. Diagnosis by health and physical exam, and laboratory analysis of glucose tolerance test, growth hormone, and IGF-1. Treatment is a few different options including pharmacology drugs to reduce growth hormone secretion. Nonpharmacological is radiation therapy to promote death in growth hormone hyper secretory cells. Surgical therapy is removal of tumor causing hypersecretion of growth hormone (Braun & Anderson, 2017).
Environmental toxin injury and cardiovascular disease- Exposure to environmental chemicals that lead to cardiovascular cell injury. Airborne particulate matter causes oxidative damage and inflammation in the heart and blood vessel cells. Additive factor to cardiovascular disease. Clinical manifestations include aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cancer, cataract, chronic lung disease, coronary artery disease, periodontitis, pneumonia, stroke, and sudden infant death syndrome. Diagnosed by health and physical exam, and lab studies. Complications of this process includes reduced exercise tolerance, difficulty breathing, blood clots, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, increased heart rate, decreased cardiac output and hyperlipidemia. Treatment includes risk reduction, symptom management, smoking cessation, pharmacology drugs that assist with smoking cessation and management of cardiovascular complications (Braun & Anderson, 2017).
